Could there cameras whose shutter speeds can be faster than 1/10000 seconds ?

yes, but at that shutter speed it is nearly impossible to get sufficient light on the subject with anything short of a nuclear explosion.  think of it this way, if you halve the shutter speed you have to double the illumination.  one compromise used for high speed photos is to just open the shutter in a dark room and use a very quick strobe for the only illumination.  some strobes certainly can work at that speed and give blinding light.

There are very high speed cameras, but I don't know what they have for a "shutter".  There used to be fast film cameras. 

The Phantom v2512 is capable of reaching up to 1 Million frames per second.  It's a fully electronic camera.

yes several do 2,000 speed , but the are worth alot more . the cameras cant do a shutter speed , its how powerful the sensor is , only film cameras measure there speed the shutter is open .

There are specialty high-speed movie cameras that have been around for decades that used film. If something went wrong with the loading of the film, it would cause a meltdown when shooting. There are modern commercially sold digital video cameras that do over 100,000 frames per second, some will do 1 million fps at reduced resolution.

For the average person, a strobe light is used to freeze motion. Many speedlights have a minimum pulse width of better than 1/20,000 (50 us) at their lowest power setting which is fast enough to freeze water droplets and water balloons bursting.

Yes.

There is a camera system that can record images at the rate of ten trillion per second..

Search "T-CUP Camera" for more info.

Sure.  They are called high speed cameras.